Serum TNF-α level and probing depth as a combined indicator for peri-implant disease

Peri-implant disease (PID) is a general term for inflammatory diseases of soft and hard tissues that occur around implants, including peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Cytokines are a class of small molecule proteins, which have various functions such as regulating innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and repairing damaged tissues. In order to explore the characteristics and clinical significance of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-10, and tumor growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression levels in serum of patients with peri-implant disease, 31 patients with PID and 31 patients without PID were enrolled. The modified plaque index (mPLI), modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI), and peri-implant probing depth (PD) were recorded. The levels of serum TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β1 were detected by ELISA. TNF-α, mPLI, mSBI, and PD levels were significantly higher in the PID group. TGF-β1 levels were significantly higher in the control group. There was a significant positive correlation between TNF-α and mPLI, mSBI, and PD. TGF-β1 was negatively associated with TNF-α, mPLI, mSBI, and PD. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that TNF-α and PD were risk factors for the severity of PID. The receiver operating curve analysis showed that high TNF-α levels (cut-off value of 140 pg/mL) and greater PD values (cut-off value of 4 mm) were good predictors of PID severity with an area under the curve of 0.922. These results indicated that TNF-α and PD can be used as a biological indicator for diagnosing the occurrence and progression of PID.

Application and research progress of diode laser in the treatment of peri-implant diseases / 口腔医学

@#Laser therapy has become an important means of treating peri-implant diseases, and diode laser shows unique advantages in the adjuvant therapy of peri-implant diseases due to its excellent biological regulation, sterilization effect and biological safety. This article reviews the principle, characteristics, safety, biological effects of and clinical research on diode laser, in order to provide reference for its clinical application in the treatment of peri-implant diseases.

Antimicrobial effect of toothbrush with light emitting diode on dental biofilm attached to zirconia surface: an in vitro study

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of a toothbrush with light-emitting diodes (LEDs) on periodontitis-associated dental biofilm attached to a zirconia surface by static and dynamic methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Zirconia disks (12 mm diameter, 2.5 mm thickness) were inserted into a 24-well plate (static method) or inside a Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) biofilm reactor (dynamic method) to form dental biofilms using Streptococcus gordonii and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The disks with biofilm were subdivided into five treatment groups-control, commercial photodynamic therapy (PDT), toothbrush alone (B), brush with LED (BL), and brush with LED+erythrosine (BLE). After treatment, the disks were agitated to detach the bacteria, and the resulting solutions were spread directly on selective agar. The number of viable bacteria and percentage of bacterial reduction were determined from colony counts. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to visualize alterations in bacterial morphology. RESULTS: No significant difference in biofilm formation was observed between dynamic and static methods. A significant difference was observed in the number of viable bacteria between the control and all experimental groups (P < 0.05). The percentage of bacterial reduction in the BLE group was significantly higher than in the other treated groups (P < 0.05). SEM revealed damaged bacterial cell walls in the PDT, BL, and BLE groups, but intact cell walls in the control and B groups. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that an LED toothbrush with erythrosine is more effective than other treatments in reducing the viability of periodontitis-associated bacteria attached to zirconia in vitro.

Risk factors, diagnosis and treatment of peri-implant diseases / 中华口腔医学杂志

With the wide spread of dental implantation, more and more soft and hard tissue illness related to dental implants occurred. According to a statistical analysis, about 1/4 to 1/2 patients are under the risk of suffering from peri-implant diseases. Peri-implant diseases include peri-implant mucotitis and peri-implantitis. The former is connected with soft tissue while the latter is related to hard tissue around dental implant. This article reviews the diagnosis, classification and treatment of peri-implant diseases.

Research progress in influence of periodontal disease on dental implantation / 口腔疾病防治

@#Dental implantation is a popular way to replace natural teeth. Its prognosis is affected by a number of factors including periodontitis. A large number of studies have shown the incidence of peri-implant disease and implant failure rate in periodontal compromised patients are higher than periodontal healthy patients. Peri-implant disease is closely related to the pathogens in periodontitis. What's more, the long-term success of dental implants is affected by multiple risk factors of periodontitis such as regular oral hygiene maintenance and smoking. This paper reviews the survival rate, the pathogens and the prognosis of implants in periodontal compromised patients.

Influence of keratinized mucosa on peri-implant soft tissue health among patients with chronic periodontitis susceptibility / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective: To observe the influence of keratinized mucosa on peri-implant soft tissue health and stability after implant treatment among patients with chronic periodontitis. Methods: Fifty-eight patients with chronic periodontitis (158 implants) who received implant treatment were enrolled from Aug. 2010 to Nov. 2013. The soft tissue conditions were observed, the peri-implant disease rate and mucosa recession rate were compared between patients in different keratinized mucosa groups. Results: The differences of rates of peri-implant mucositis and peri-implatitis between the narrow keratinized mucosa (NKM) group and wide keratinized mucosa (WKM) group were not statistically significant (P=0.862, P=0.625). The effects of the width of the keratinized mucosa on modified plaque index and modified bleeding index were not significant (P=0.826, P=0.913). When the width of the keratinized mucosa ≥ 2 mm, the recession of mucosa is not evident. The recession incidence of the thick and wide mucosa was 12.86%, which was significantly lower than that of the thin and wide mucosa (33.33%) and that of thick and narrow mucosa (40.63%) (P=0.049, P=0.002). Conclusion: Keratinized mucosa has a positive effect on peri-implant tissue stability among patients with chronic periodontitis susceptibility. The keratinized mucosa with sufficient width can prevent the mucosa from recession.

Peri-implantite: etiologia e tratamento / Peri-implantitis: etiology and treatment

Objetivo: analisar a etiologia e os possíveis meios de tratamento da peri-implantite, por meio de pesquisas de trabalhos recentemente publicados acerca do tema e estudos realizados em humanos. Material e métodos: foram selecionados 50 artigos relacionados à etiologia e ao tratamento das doenças peri-implantares. Destes, foram analisados seus títulos e resumos, seguindo os critérios de exclusão e inclusão, e escolhidos nove artigos para a realização desta revisão da literatura. Esta tinha como critérios de inclusão artigos publicados na língua inglesa, que abordavam os tipos de bactérias presentes em volta dos implantes e induzem o estabelecimento e a progressão das doenças peri-implantares. Trabalhos com o objetivo de descrever as possíveis formas de tratamento, desde as mais simples, como uma terapia mecânica de raspagem na mucosite, até uma terapia mais complexa, como a regeneração óssea na peri-implantite. Resultados: as principais bactérias presentes em volta dos implantes são: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium, Prevotela intermedia e Phorphyromonas gingivalis, além de ocorrer diminuição dos Streptococcus e aumento das espiroquetas. Em relação ao tratamento da peri-implantite, este consiste em uma intervenção cirúrgica com a elevação do retalho, remoção do tecido de granulação, limpeza e desinfecção da superfície dos implantes. Em alguns casos, este tratamento é complementado com uma cirurgia regenerativa, utilizando enxerto ósseo. Conclusão: a peri-implantite uma doença imunoinflamatória, sendo a placa bacteriana o principal agente etiológico. O seu tratamento tem como objetivo reduzir a colonização bacteriana em volta do implante, eliminar a microbiota bacteriana e promover a formação de um tecido peri-implantar saudável.

Objective: to analyze the etiology and possible treatments for periimplantitis through recently published papers and human studies. Material and methods: 50 related references were selected in this review. From these, after title and abstract analyses following the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 9 articles were selected. The inclusion criteria were papers published in the English language involving bacterial species at the peri-implant region which lead to establishment and progression of peri-implant diseases. Also, papers with the aim to describe treatment therapies, even from mechanical debridement to mucositis until a more complex approach such as bone regeneration were included. Results: the most prevalent species around the peri-implant region were Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium, Prevotela intermedia and Phorphyromonas gingivalis, along with a reduction on Streptococcus and an increase on the spirochaete levels. The treatment basically consists on flap elevation, granulation tissue removal, cleaning and disinfection of peri-implant surfaces. Conclusion: peri-implantitis is a immunoinfl ammatory disease, being the bacterial build-up the main etiological agent. The proposed treatments aim to reduce the bacterial colonization around the dental implant, to eliminate the microfl ora, and to promote the formation of a healthy peri-implant tissue.

Factores asociados a la prevalencia de mucositis periimplantar: estudio retrospectivo de 10 años / Factors associated with the prevalence of peri-implant mucositis: Retrospective of 10 years

Resumen Introducción y objetivo: Los tejidos que soportan los implantes osteointegrados son susceptibles a patologías como la periimplantitis y la mucositis periimplantar. Su detección y tratamiento temprano son importantes para prevenir la progresión de la enfermedad y que llegue a comprometerse la estabilidad del implante. Por lo tanto, este estudio retrospectivo tiene como objetivo determinar los factores asociados a la prevalencia de mucositis periimplantar en pacientes tratados en la Clínica de la Maestría en Periodoncia de la Universidad de San Martín de Porres. Materiales y métodos:De 318 historias clínicas correspondientes a un total de 955 implantes colocados entre los años 2001 y 2010, se evaluaron 212 implantes dentales colocados en un total de 74 pacientes. Se utilizó la presencia de sangrado al sondaje como parámetro de diagnostico para la mucositis periimplantar. Resultados: La prevalencia de Mucositis periimplantar obtenida para el total de 212 implantes evaluados fue 58,96%. Adicionalmente, se encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas al comparar los grupos de implantes con y sin mucositis periimplantar en relación al nivel de higiene oral. Conclusión: La prevalencia de mucositis periimplantar en la Clínica de la Maestría en Periodoncia de la Universidad de San Martin de Porres entre los años 2001 y 2010 fue de 58.96%. Además, se encontró asociación entre la presencia de mucositis periimplantar y el nivel de higiene oral.

Abstract Introduction and objective: Tissues supporting osseointegrated implants are susceptible to diseases such as periimplantitis and periimplant mucositis. Early detection and treatment are important to prevent disease progression and loss of implant stability. Therefore, the aim of this retrospective study was determine the factors associated with the prevalence of peri-implant mucositis of subjects treated at the Clinic of the Master in Periodontics at the University of San Martín de Porres. Materials and methods: 318 medical records with a total of 955 implants were placed from 2001 to 2010. Of these, 212 dental implants evaluated in a total of 74 medical records were included in this study. We used the presence of bleeding on probing as a diagnostic parameter for peri-implant mucositis. Results: The prevalence of peri-implant mucositis obtained for the total of 212 implants was 58,96%. Additionally, statistically significant differences were found when comparing the groups of implants with peri-implant mucositis and without regard to the oral hygiene level. Conclusion:The prevalence of peri-implant mucositis at the University of San Martin De Porres is 58.96%. It has been found statistically significant association between the presence of peri-implant mucositis and oral hygiene level.

A modified technique for extraoral cementation of implant retained restorations for preventing excess cement around the margins

The major drawback of cement-retained restorations is the extrusion of the excess cement into the peri-implant sulcus, with subsequent complications. Insufficient removal of the excess cement may initiate a local inflammatory process, which may lead to implant failure. This article presents a method of controlling cement flow on implant abutments, minimizing the excess cement around implant-retained restorations.

Condição peri-implantar dos indivíduos reabilitados no curso de especialização de implantodontia do CEO-IPSEMG / Peri-implantar condition of individuals rehabilitated in the ceo-ipsemg implant post graduation course

Objetivos: Avaliar a condição peri-implantar de indivíduos submetidos à reabilitação com implantes em um curso de especialização em implantodontia. Materiais e Métodos: de um total de 350 indivíduos, 110 com prontuários odontológicos completos foram considerados elegíveis. A amostra final incluiu 30 indivíduos de ambos os sexos, 18-75 anos, baixo nível socioeconômico, grupo racial heterogêneo, com implantes dentários submetidos à carga protética por no mínimo 12 meses. Dados de interesse foram coletados dos prontuários odontológicos. Mucosite foi definida como presença de um ou mais sítios com sangramento a sondagem peri-implantar (SSi), e a peri-implantite como presença de profundidade de sondagem (PS) ≥ 5mm em um ou mais sítios com perda óssea radiográfica, associadas ou não ao SSi e/ou supuração periimplantar. Resultados: A prevalência de mucosite foi de 50% (n=15) e periimplantite 3,3% (n=1). Indivíduos com mucosite apresentaram maior média de PS em dentes (p=0,042), maior índice de placa (IP) em dentes (p=0,016), maior IP em implantes (p=0,048), maior tempo pós-cirurgia (p=0,037), e maior tempo de função dos implantes (p=0,047) quando comparados com indivíduos com saúde periimplantar. Em relação ao caso de periimplantite, o indivíduo era do sexo feminino, 54 anos, fumante, apresentando 2 implantes em função há 24 meses, ambos com diagnóstico de periimplantite. Ao exame clínico, foi observado pequena faixa de gengiva ceratinizada ao redor dos implantes e alguns dentes e sítios com PS alterada. Conclusões: A mucosite foi associada a PS, IP, tempo pós-cirurgia e tempo de função dos implantes

Aims: Evaluate periimplantar condition of subjects who underwent oral rehabilitation with dental implants in a specialization course. Methods: From a total of 350 subjects, 110 with complete dental records were determined to be eligible. Final sample comprised 30 subjects from both gender, 18-57 years of age, low socioeconomic status, multiethinic group, with implants in function for at least 12 months. Variables of interest were collected from dental records. Mucositis were defined as the presence of one or more sites with periimplantar bleeding on probing (BOPi), and periimplantitis as the presence of probing depth (PD) ≥ 5mm in one or more sites with radiographic bone loss, associated or not with BOPi and/or periimplantar suppuration. Results: Prevalence of mucositis was 50.0% (n=15) and periimplantitis was 3.3% (n=1). Subjects with mucositis presented higher mean PD in tooth (p=0.042), higher plaque index (PI) in tooth (p=0.016), higher PI in implants (p=0.048), higher time since surgery (p=0.037), and higher function time (p=0.047) when compared to subjects with periimplantar health. Regarding the periimplantitis case, the subject was female, 54 years-old, smoker, with 2 dental implants in function for 24 months, both implants diagnosed with periimplantitis. Clinical examination showed narrow width of keratinized gingiva and some teeth and sites with altered PD. Conclusions: Mucositis was associated with PD, PI, time since surgery and function time.